2018 (back)

2018  (back)

1a. why is the enlightenment period called the age of reason ?

Ans:- The Enlightenment refers to a period of philosophical trends in western Europe in the eighteenth century. Some of the well-known Enlightenment thinkers include the German philosopher Immanuel Kant and French philosophers Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Their writings are considered to have been influential in bringing down the French monarchy and the establishment of a republic during the French Revolution of 1789.

              The Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was an intellectual and cultural movement in the eighteenth century that emphasized reason over superstition and science over blind faith.  The Enlightenment is also known as the Age of Reason because one of the main ideas of the Enlightenment philosophers was the primacy of reason. Reason was said to be in opposition to superstition, mysticism, and religion, which were all important ideas from the Middle Ages. Enlightenment thinkers wanted to dispel of the old ideas. During the Age of Reason, influential writers were critical of the Catholic church and the monarchy -- established institutions -- based on the intellectual pursuit of reason. They also supported notions of individualism, natural rights, and the separation of powers.

b. What is meant by the term decolonisation

Ans:- decolonization, process by which colonies become independent of the colonizing country. Decolonization was gradual and peaceful for some British colonies largely settled by expatriates but violent for others, where native rebellions were energized by nationalism. After World War II, European countries generally lacked the wealth and political support necessary to suppress faraway revolts; they also faced opposition from the new superpowers, the U.S. and the Soviet Union, both of which had taken positions against colonialism. Korea was freed in 1945 by Japan’s defeat in the war. The U.S. relinquished the Philippines in 1946. Britain left India in 1947, Palestine in 1948, and Egypt in 1956; it withdrew from Africa in the 1950s and ’60s, from various island protectorates in the 1970s and ’80s, and from Hong Kong in 1997. The French left Vietnam in 1954 and gave up its North African colonies by 1962. Portugal gave up its African colonies in the 1970s; Macau was returned to the Chinese in 1999.   

c.Name the writer who is refered to as father of english english poetry ?

Ans:- Geoffrey Chaucer.Geoffrey Chaucer ( 1340s – 25 October 1400) was an English poet, author, and civil servant best known for The Canterbury Tales. He has been called the "father of English literature", or, alternatively, the "father of English poetry".

       Major works

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Translation of Roman de la Rose, possibly extant as The Romaunt of the Rose

The Book of the Duchess

The House of Fame

Anelida and Arcite

Parlement of Foules

Translation of Boethius' Consolation of Philosophy as Boece

Troilus and Criseyde

The Legend of Good Women

The Canterbury Tales

A Treatise on the Astrolabe

00. Imp:- Why Chaucer is called the father of English literature?

He gathered vocabulary of Middle English dialect and started writing poetry in it due to which we call Chaucer father of English poetry, language and literature. “The Canterbury Tales” is remarkable example of it. It fulfills every characteristic of poetry and entitles Chaucer as “Father of English Poetry”.

d. What are the rule of Guilds during the medieval era?

Ans :- A guild (/ɡɪld/ GILD) is an association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular territory. The earliest types of guild formed as organizations of tradespeople belonging to a professional association. They sometimes depended on grants of letters patent from a monarch or other ruler to enforce the flow of trade to their self-employed members, and to retain ownership of tools and the supply of materials, but most were regulated by the local government. Guild members found guilty of cheating the public would be fined or banned from the guild. A lasting legacy of traditional guilds are the guildhalls constructed and used as guild meeting-places.

      Besides their economic and educational functions, guilds also served other purposes. A guild was often associated with a patron saint, and a local guild would maintain a chapel in the parish church to be used by its members.

e. what is lyric poetry ? Give examples.

Ans:- Lyric poetry is a category of poetry, encompassing many different subgenres, styles, cultures, and eras of time. The defining traits of a lyric poem are a songlike quality and an exploration of emotions and personal fee. 

        Lyric comes from the Latin word lyricus, meaning of/for the lyre. These short poems were originally accompanied by music. So in lyric poetry, the mood is melodic and emotional. The writer uses words that express his or her state of mind, perceptions and feelings, rather than tell a story.

        lyric poem is usually written in the first person. Some of the best examples of lyric poetry come from Italian and English sonnets. Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare, the poem "The Lake Isle of Injisfree by William Butler Yeats are lyric poem.

f.Whiich period jn the history of english reneissance is also known as "second english renaissance"? 

Ans:- The Victorian Era.

It was a time of prosperity, broad imperial expansion and great political reform. It was also a period which today we associate with prudishness and repression. Without a doubt, it was an extraordinarily complex age that has sometimes been called the Second English Renaissance. Jane Eyre states, 'I longed for a power of vision which might. . . reach the busy world, towns, regions full of life I had heard of but never seen: that I desired more of practical experience than I possessed; more of intercourse with my kind, of acquaintance with variety of character, than was here within my reach.' This statement shows that she is aware of the changing times and yearns to be a part of them.

        Jane Eyre is set in the north of England. During this period, British society was undergoing steady and important change. One of the most evident changes was the transition from a rural to an industrial economy. The Industrial Revolution had begun in Britain in the late 18th century, and by the writing of Jane Eyre, it was heading onward with determination. Charlotte Bronte touches on several social issues in Jane Eyre: woman's employment, genteel poverty, education and marriage.

If women did not have the means, due to lack of money or family, to stay at home, they were often forced to obtain employment. If you, like Jane Eyre, were from a genteel home but lacked money, your options were pretty limited: get a job or get married. For the former, many went out to be governesses, nannies or teachers for the upper classes. They used their skills and education that they themselves had received when their situation in life might have been better.

     The Victorian era saw a wild growth of industries and factories. One very important factor of the age was its stress on morality. A feminine code of conduct was imposed on them which described every aspect of their being from the proper apparels to how to converse, everything had rules.