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 Chapter One

Concepts of children with special needs

(Understanding Children with Special Needs)

Meaning and Definitions of Children with Special Needs:

Children with special needs are children who need special attention and facilities compared to ordinary children. Children with special needs are children who differ from ordinary children in terms of physical, mental, emotional, social, educational and learning abilities. Such differences can be determined on the basis of strong and weak characteristics. Strong characteristics help children develop better skills and make them outstanding. Children with strong characteristics are able to advance in various fields. On the other hand, weak characteristics make more children disabled or challenging children who lag behind in various areas. Such children feel deprived in various areas. This hinders their development and growth.

Currently, children with special needs are named by different names; These include low intelligence, physically disabled, disabled, exceptional, vulnerable children, etc. Such children require instruction that is different from that of ordinary children or normal peers and sometimes in other environments with special advantages over ordinary classroom education. Overall, children who are slow or exceptional in performing and other tasks Such children are called children with special needs.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has come up with a special definition as a result of debates, seminars and research among people around the world to understand children with special needs and children who are different from ordinary children. The International Classification of Impairment, Disabilities and Handicap (1980) published by the World Health Organization (WHO) defines weakness, disability or disability and physical disability. Below is a discussion of this.

Impairment:

Weakness is a fundamental, structural, mental or physical disorder. It is a kind of restless and abnormal condition that affects our physical structure and function. It encompasses our mental state. Therefore, weakness is a physical or mental deficiency or damage such as physical or mental deficiencies such as muscles, legs and physical structures, such as speech defects, visual or hearing defects.

Disability:

Disability is a basic deficiency or loss of function that a person experiences as a result of being weak. It limits the person in performing a task. For example, if a person has vision or hearing impairment, the person's vision or hearing is impaired. Similarly, orthopedic weaknesses limit a person's ability to walk and perform other physical activities properly.

Physically Handicap :

It is a disadvantageous condition of a person as a result of weaknesses and disabilities for which he participates in various social activities

Concepts of children with special need

They face difficulties in doing so. Physical disabilities make it difficult for a person to perform any activity in the environment and to integrate socially.

From the above discussion, it can be seen that there is a close and functional relationship between weakness, disability and physical disability, where disability results in weakness and the physical disability that a person is born with causes disability.

The concept of Visually Impaired:

Visually Impaired: Children who suffer from blindness, ie do not see completely or well, are called visually impaired children. Children with visual impairment are divided into two categories; For example, (1) The Blind, (2) The Partially Sighted. Children who cannot see at all are called completely blind and children who have little vision are called partially blind.

Characteristics of the Blind Child:

1. Such children are completely blind and cannot be educated in ordinary schools through the ordinary curriculum.

2. Such children can be easily identified.

3. The number of such children in the society is very low.

4) They can learn by touching and listening.

Characteristics of Partially Sighted Child:

1) Bring the child to see less.

2. Such children cannot be easily identified. Such school-going children can be identified.

The concept of inclusive schools

3. Such children have some vision but it is not enough to acquire correct and accurate knowledge.

4. Such children can be given more or less theoretical education.

Concept of Hearing Impaired:

Children who have hearing problems are called hearing impaired children. Deafness makes them unable to acquire knowledge, hamper educational development and mental development. They have difficulty communicating their feelings with others because they are deaf.

Characteristics of Hearing Impaired:

1. Hearing loss can occur in children for both congenital and environmental reasons.

(2) This disability may be completely or partially deaf in children.

(3) Such disabilities may be congenital due to the defective structure of life and

(4) Environmental factors include various diseases such as pneumonia, typhoid, etc. and physical accidents.

Intellectually Deficient:

Children who are intellectually disabled are also called mentally handicapped. Children who are intellectually disabled, have an intelligent quotient below 70 and whose mental development is hampered are called intellectually disabled or mentally retarded children. It is not possible for such children to read and write like ordinary children. They have such low intelligence that they cannot perform their daily activities normally. They are unable to meet physical needs and adapt physically to the environment. Children with low intelligence are called mentally disabled is called mentally retardant which can be divided into three categories; These include the deaf, the dumb and the deaf. Similarly, children whose intelligence is similar to that of ordinary children but who are lagging behind in education for some reason are called Educable Mentally Retarded.

The mentally disabled and deprived are divided into several categories, which are discussed below.

(1) Idiot: Children whose IQ is below

They are considered to be inert children. Such children are the most mentally disabled. Deaf elderly people behave like three-year-olds. Such children have to depend on others for food, clothing, etc. Such children live only about 30 years. Such children are completely incapable of acquiring education and do not have the mental strength to face any problems. Iq bellow 25

(2) Imbecile: Such children have an IQ between 30 and 50 Such children can perform the small tasks of daily life, protect themselves from danger, perform certain vocational activities if properly educated; However, they cannot develop operational skills and efficiency. They are not mentally fit for general education. They develop mentally only at about 12 years of age.

(3) Moron: Such children have an IQ between 50 and

There is. Such children can carry out their daily activities on their own, acquire simple motor skills, acquire language and numeracy with training and limited education with appropriate environment. However, they do not have the mental ability to study with normal children.

A mentally disabled or disabled child with the ability to learn (Educable).

Mentally Retarded Children):

Children who are lagging behind in learning or intellectual development despite having the same level of intelligence as normal children are called academically retarded. Such children have an IQ between 70 and

Educable Mentally Retarded Children: Educable Mentally Retarded Children:

Children who are lagging behind in learning or intellectual development despite having the same level of intelligence as normal children are called academically retarded. Such children have an IQ between 70 to 50.

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The concept of inclusive schools

Characteristics of children with mental disabilities who have the ability to learn

(Characteristics of Educable Mentally Retarded):

1) Such children cannot study on an equal footing with ordinary students.

2) They cannot adapt easily to the educational environment.

3. Such children do not find the true meaning of intellectual matters.

4. Such children are not able to inspire new enterprises.

5. Such children cannot receive general education in school.

6. It is not possible for them to receive abstract or advanced thinking education.

7. Such children can acquire basic skills such as language and counting.

8. They can acquire education if they receive proper training.

9. They can learn if they have simple skills.

Slow Learners: Slow Learners:

Children whose educational progress, intellectual development is slow for their age and who lag behind children of their age in mental development are called underdeveloped children. Such children are academically weak and intellectually disabled. Such children cannot read and write on par with other children in the same class, do not understand things easily and cannot solve even the smallest problems using their intelligence. Such children have an IQ between 70 and They take several years to complete the same course. Underdeveloped children underachieve and fail in education; As a result, such children develop negative attitudes and make life aimless. They often suffer bitter criticism, punishment, abuse, and insults. Such children cannot read clearly, misspell, write punctuation, understand the teacher easily, and cannot judge conversations. They are unable to easily master the lessons presented by the teacher in a way that is suitable for ordinary children.

Characteristics of Backward Children:

The following characteristics should be noted to identify a stunted child.

(1) The intelligence of underdeveloped or slow children is much lower than that of children of their own age.

(2) Such children are immature compared to children of the same age.

(3) These children have slow educational progress.

(4) They always feel disabled and unsuccessful in academic and intellectual activities.

(5) Such children suffer from mental depression and lack self-confidence.

(6) Slow children have poor memory and are incapable of applying logical reasoning.

(7) Such children have physical fitness and suitability. Therefore, they are more interested in sports and physical activity.

(8) Such children are very weak in the use of words and signs.

(1) Such children cannot concentrate on the same direction for a long time.

(10) They often have to endure bitter criticism, punishment and discouraging comments from teachers.

(11) Such children feel unsuitable for higher education and become pessimistic and aimless for their future lives.

(12) They have to be in the same class several times; Therefore, they will have maladaptive feelings because they have to study with children younger than themselves.

Causes of Backwardness and Slow Learning:

Psychologists blame both heredity and environment for children's underdevelopment. Children's academic and intellectual progress

Francis Galton and G. A. McCarthy conducted research and experiments on the effects of heredity. J.S. G. J. Mendal commented that the intelligence of children's ancestors caused their descendants and descendants to lag behind in all intellectual aspects. Many psychologists, on the other hand, argue that different environments fuel children's underdevelopment or slow learning. Below is a brief overview of how educational, social, mental and home environments can contribute to underdevelopment.

(1) Educational Environment: The child

Lack of proper educational institutions, lack of proper number and trained teachers, flawed and conventional examination system, lack of proper educational facilities, flawed curriculum, teaching methods, lack of discipline in educational institutions, teacher bias, severe punishment for minor offences The impeccable academic environment helps a lot. Such an undesirable educational environment cannot fuel the development of children even if they have some inherited talents.

(2) Social Environment: Child birth

Even if the society in which they grow up is backward in terms of education and culture, their progress is likely to lag behind. In addition, living among people who fight, drink alcohol and engage in other anti-social activities has an unhealthy effect on children's thinking; As a result, children focus on anti-social things and fall behind academically.

(3) Mental Environment: Mental health is the basis for the development of children's intelligence and the environment for good thinking. Only a healthy mental state can develop a child's talents and make him a person with a healthy mentality and a healthy personality. Therefore, to create a mentally healthy environment for children, eating, dressing, walking, etc. should also be balanced and healthy.

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Concepts of children with special needs

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(4) Home Environment: In the home environment, parental negligence towards education, poverty, quarrels, unhealthy lifestyle, superstitions, etc. hinder the development of children's potential; As a result, they are more likely to be underdeveloped.

Learning Disabled:

Children who are unable to learn or fail to gain new experiences as a result of barriers imposed by internal or external factors are called children with learning disabilities. Children with learning disabilities have difficulty understanding content, communicating, reading and writing or reading written language. Such children also have difficulty integrating into society.

According to The US National Joint Committee on Learning Disability (NJCLD 1981/1988), "Learning disability is a class concept that refers to a composite group whose members have no experience in acquiring and hearing, speaking, walking, writing, thinking or Such obstacles are faced by individuals in doing mathematics It is caused by a failure of the underlying, central muscular system and persists throughout life. People with learning disabilities have problems with self-controlled behaviour, social cognition and social interaction, as well as other normal sensory disabilities Weakness, mental disability, profound Such disabilities can also be caused by cultural differences and inappropriate instruction.”

Therefore, a learning disability is a disorder or problem associated with the understanding of one or more basic psychological processes, such as language use, speech or writing.

Learning Disability was first mentioned in 1963 by Samuel Kirk.

Characteristics of Learning Disability :

(1) Learning disabilities are specific disorders that are part of a person's basic psychological processes.

(2) Learning disabilities may also be due to mental disabilities, sensory disabilities, emotional disturbances, cultural discrimination, inadequate educational facilities.

(3) Learning disability is a class concept understood by a mixed group.

(4) Children with learning disabilities who have difficulties in language, speech, reading and social integration.

(5) Learning disabilities may include specific problems in learning that cause disabilities.

(6) Learning disabilities may cause problems such as inability to understand content, difficulties in language exchange or communication and reading written language or difficulties in acquiring mathematics and social skills.

(7) People with learning disabilities have problems with self-regulated behaviour, social understanding and social interaction.

(8) Learning disabilities cause various problems in the path of education which require special care and attention.

Autistic Children:

The word 'Autism' comes from the Greek word 'Autos' The Greek word 'Autos' means 'Self' Children who show abnormal behavior in terms of word origin in focusing on themselves, play in communication, pay attention for a short time and consider others human

Children who show inability to do are called autistic or spontaneous children. But in education, children who have social skills. Linguistic / Language deveopment, Behaviour. Children who exhibit abnormalities in emotions or sensitivity, school related skills, health or movement are called spontaneous children. It is a life-long condition in such children. However, with appropriate treatment or therapy, the abnormalities can be reduced to some extent. Below are the characteristics that can be seen in different aspects of such children.

(a) Social skills: Social in autistic children

The abnormalities exhibited in the technique are

(1) Little or no eye contact.

(2) When he wants to say something to someone, he comes very close, that is, he does not keep the distance between two people.

(3) Responds to social interaction, but does not initiate such interaction himself.

(4) Does not usually share his observations or experiences with others.

(5) Difficulty understanding jokes, sarcasm, figures of speech, etc.

6. Difficulty understanding facial expressions and body language.

(7) Experiences difficulties in conversation and group communication.

(8) Reluctant to answer questions about themselves.

(1) Makes spontaneous comments that have nothing to do with the current conversation.

(10) Honest in observation but their observation is inappropriate.

(11) They do not seem to understand the feelings of others.

(12) Want to be completely alone or very friendly.

(13) Unable to maintain friendships.

14. They find it easier to get along with people older or younger than their peers.

(15) Not aware of what is happening around them.

(16) Talks too much about one or two subjects.

(17) Inability to understand the motives underlying human actions.

(18) They acknowledge the achievements of others.

(b) Linguistic / Language development: The characteristics seen in linguistic or language development are-

(1) Uses abnormal pitch, intonation, rhythm or emphasis when speaking.

(2) Things are unusually intense or calm in nature.

(3) Shows difficulty in whispering.

(4) Repeats the last word or phrase many times.

(5) Sometimes uses short incomplete sentences.

(6) Uses pronouns inappropriately.

(7) They may have a very large vocabulary.

(8) When talking to someone, they use the person's name too much instead of using pronouns. This is because they are not good at using pronouns.

(9) They start things very early and then wait for a while without saying anything.

(10) Have difficulty understanding directional terms such as front, back, front, back, etc.

(d) Behaviours: The behaviors of such children are repetitive. Their main behavioral characteristics are:

(1) Obsessions are obsessions with objects, ideas or desires.

(2) Flapping arms, spinning, humming, licking, sucking or rubbing clothes, sniffing, co. They show behaviors such as knocking on the rubber.

(3) Their games are repetitive.

(4) Strangely attached to objects.

(5) Repeats movies or video games.

(6) Exhibits difficulty in transferring strategies from one field to another.

(7) Expresses frustration in a strange way.

(8) Inability to perceive potentially dangerous environments.

(9) Unexpected movements such as suddenly running out into the street.

(10) Does not understand time estimates. Unable to estimate how long 10 minutes or three days or a week can be.

11. When you have to wait in line for some purpose, you find it very difficult to wait for your turn.

(12) Injures himself by biting or banging his head.

(13) Shows terrible fear for no apparent reason.

(14) major mechanical techniques; such as riding a motorcycle, skating, running, etc. and fine motor skills; For example, they learn handwriting and shoe laces from their peers.

(e) Emotions or sensitiveness: The main characteristics of such children are:

(1) Sensation or lack of sensitivity to sound, touch, taste, smell or taste.

(2) Experiences difficulty with loud or sudden sounds.

(3) They want to get comfortable things.

(4) Laughs, cries or throws objects in anger for no apparent reason.

(5) Sudden emotional outburst or prolonged emotional outburst.

(6) Want to be alone to relieve depression and stress.

(7) They are frustrated by too much verbal instruction.

8. Pain tolerance is unusually high or low.

(C) School related skills: The characteristics of such children are:

(1) Extraordinarily highly skilled in some cases and lowly skilled in others.

(2) Excellent in memorization.

(3) Can answer questions but is unable or unable to make predictions, write summaries or understand sign language.

(4) delicate activities; They experience difficulty or mess in doing things such as banging, cutting with scissors, and gluing.

(5) Most of the lessons can be concentrated for a short time.

(6) Unable to follow instructions.

(g) Health or movement: The main characteristics of such children are:

(1) Walks wet on the toes.

(2) Unusual gait.

(3) Walks without waving his hands freely.

(4) There is constipation.

(5) Sleeping patterns are exceptional.

(6) Not aware of personal health science.

(7) There appears to be a hearing problem but there is no such problem.

(8) They collide with objects or people while walking.

(9) Exhibits abnormal behavior.

Barriers of Children with Special Needs (CWSN) to Learning and Participation:

Obstacles to underdeveloped children: Underdeveloped and slow children face many obstacles. They are:

(1) Underachieving children have difficulty adjusting to the regular classroom environment

Yes. They are not able to understand enough to solve the learning tasks given in class. So they become more complicated for them.

(2) Such children are deprived of appropriate encouragement from the teacher. Therefore, they are not interested in education and suffer from frustration and frustration.

(3) Such children cannot be confident of acquiring education in the future as they have to be in the same class several times. Such children feel a lack of competence and self-confidence to solve a new task or problem; The result is unsuccessful.

(4) The school does not provide motivating activities for such children and they develop a sense of hatred and disgust towards the school and society.

Barriers of children with speech and language impairments:

1) Such children cannot pronounce words correctly, leave words behind when speaking, and use unnecessary words in the middle of speech.

2. Such children pronounce words roughly, harshly, through the nose.

3. Such children have very low language skills. Cannot use language clearly and accurately.

4) They cannot express their feelings beautifully.

5. They also make a lot of mistakes in reading and writing.

6. Many of these children stutter when they speak, ie they speak slowly.

7. They often suffer from emotional problems such as shyness, fear, hesitation, boredom, anxiety etc. because they cannot speak clearly.

8. Cannot express their feelings in the right language to protect themselves from any emotional situation.

9. They are ridiculed by their friends for not pronouncing words normally. As a result, such children suffer from depression and inferiority complex.

Yes. They are not able to understand enough to solve the learning tasks given in class. So they become more complicated for them.

(2) Such children are deprived of appropriate encouragement from the teacher. Therefore, they are not interested in education and suffer from frustration and frustration.

(3) Such children cannot be confident of acquiring education in the future as they have to be in the same class several times. Such children feel a lack of competence and self-confidence to solve a new task or problem; The result is unsuccessful.

(4) The school does not provide motivating activities for such children and they develop a sense of hatred and disgust towards the school and society.

Barriers of children with speech and language impairments:

1) Such children cannot pronounce words correctly, leave words behind when speaking, and use unnecessary words in the middle of speech.

2. Such children pronounce words roughly, harshly, through the nose.

3. Such children have very low language skills. Cannot use language clearly and accurately.

4) They cannot express their feelings beautifully.

5. They also make a lot of mistakes in reading and writing.

6. Many of these children stutter when they speak, ie they speak slowly.

7. They often suffer from emotional problems such as shyness, fear, hesitation, boredom, anxiety etc. because they cannot speak clearly.

8. Cannot express their feelings in the right language to protect themselves from any emotional situation.

9. They are ridiculed by their friends for not pronouncing words normally. As a result, such children suffer from depression and inferiority complex.

10. They fail to adjust healthily to the educational environment, with friends, and society; As a result, they are isolated from society and maladjusted.

Obstacles in children with visual impairments:

1) Such children have lower intelligence than normal children. Therefore, they are not able to acquire knowledge as well as children with normal or advanced intelligence.

2. Such children cannot be taught in ordinary schools the curriculum prepared for ordinary children. They are slow to read and write, which causes a lot of problems.

3. Such children are not able to adapt to any environment in society.

4) Their personalities do not develop healthily.

5. Compared to normal children, these children cannot learn conversation by imitating others.

6) Children are nervously disturbed, physically weak and malnourished.

7. They face particular obstacles in developing their intelligence and acquiring environmental knowledge and experience.

8. Such children fail to acquire adequate and accurate knowledge through sensory perception. As a result, their intelligence is of low quality.

9. Such children do not have normal language skills because they cannot read and write with their own eyes; As a result, they fail to adjust healthily to the environment and exhibit fearful and reluctant behaviour.

Barriers of the hearing impaired:

The barriers of such children and individuals are:

1) Such children have difficulty adjusting to the environment because they cannot express their feelings to others.

2) Fail to react appropriately because they do not understand what others are saying, resulting in humiliation and often with their peers